{
 "meta": {
  "api_version": "1.0.0",
  "dataset_version": "2.0.0",
  "corpus_snapshot": "2026-10-01T14:49:35+0200",
  "source_commit": "03bba2194c4832a1bcdfb704d54dd458ab0df021",
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "cite": "Barton O. Oliver's mTOR Atlas. doi:10.5281/zenodo.22059963",
  "docs": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/"
 },
 "count": 162,
 "data": [
  {
   "id": "mam-er-mitochondria-contacts",
   "name": "MAM (ER–mitochondria contacts)",
   "type": "Organelle",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Mitochondria-associated ER membranes: a signalling platform distinct from the lysosome.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/mam-er-mitochondria-contacts.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "nlrp3",
   "name": "NLRP3",
   "type": "Pathway/Complex",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Inflammasome sensor driving IL-1β-mediated inflammation, regulated in part by mTOR-dependent immunometabolism.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/nlrp3.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "huntingtons-disease",
   "name": "Huntington's disease",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Neurodegenerative disease caused by a toxic polyglutamine-expanded protein; cleared via mTOR-inhibition-induced autophagy in animal models.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/huntingtons-disease.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "lars-leucyl-trna-synthetase",
   "name": "LARS (leucyl-tRNA synthetase)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Enzyme that charges tRNA with leucine, proposed as an alternative intracellular leucine sensor acting as a GAP for RagD. Competes with the Sestrin2 model - an unresolved question in the field.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/lars-leucyl-trna-synthetase.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "bisphenol-a",
   "name": "Bisphenol A",
   "type": "Nutrient/Metabolite",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Ubiquitous environmental plasticiser that disrupts intestinal barrier function and mitochondrial metabolism, perturbing AMPK-mTOR signalling.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/bisphenol-a.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pungenin",
   "name": "Pungenin",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Phenolic glucoside from Picea wilsonii that promotes hair regrowth via transcriptional regulation of the PI3K/AKT/FoxO/mTOR axis.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pungenin.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pik3ca",
   "name": "PIK3CA",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha; its activating mutations (e.g. E545K, H1047R) frequently drive AKT/mTOR pathway hyperactivation in cancer.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pik3ca.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "lysosome",
   "name": "Lysosome",
   "type": "Organelle",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "The organelle on whose surface mTORC1 is activated. Nutrient signals converge here: mTORC1 must be physically recruited to the lysosomal membrane before Rheb can switch it on.",
   "study_count": 5,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/organelle/lysosome/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/lysosome.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "mitophagy",
   "name": "Mitophagy",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Selective autophagic degradation of damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria; regulated by the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 axis and implicated in cardiac protection, neurodegeneration, and aging.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/mitophagy.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pras40",
   "name": "PRAS40",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Insulin-regulated inhibitor subunit of mTORC1. Insulin triggers Akt to phosphorylate PRAS40, which lifts one inhibitory subunit off the complex; that on its own is not the on-switch, as most of the insulin input runs through the TSC2/Rheb arm.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pras40.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "tsc1-tsc2",
   "name": "TSC1/TSC2",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "TSC1",
    "TSC2",
    "TSC1-TSC2",
    "TSC complex",
    "hamartin",
    "tuberin"
   ],
   "description": "Tuberin-hamartin tumor suppressor complex; acts as a GTPase-activating protein for Rheb; integrates growth-factor and energy signals to control mTORC1.",
   "study_count": 12,
   "relation_count": 8,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/tsc1-tsc2/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/tsc1-tsc2.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "kynurenic-acid",
   "name": "Kynurenic acid",
   "type": "Nutrient/Metabolite",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "A tryptophan metabolite produced by tumor microbiota (e.g. Fusobacterium nucleatum); activates the ITGA2-mTOR-CTSV axis to suppress CD8+ T cell function and drive immunotherapy resistance.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/kynurenic-acid.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "autoimmune-cytopenia",
   "name": "Autoimmune cytopenia",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Immune-mediated destruction of blood cell lineages (including Evans syndrome and pure red cell aplasia) in which sirolimus is used as a T-cell-directed therapy.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/autoimmune-cytopenia.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "sgk1",
   "name": "SGK1",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1; a second major AGC kinase phosphorylated and activated by mTORC2 at its hydrophobic motif. Controls ion transport, cell survival, and glucose metabolism. mTORC2→SGK1 signaling is a key output branch of mTORC2 parallel to the mTORC2→Akt axis.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/sgk1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "spinal-cord-injury",
   "name": "Spinal cord injury",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Traumatic CNS injury in which AKT/mTOR-driven angiogenesis and neuronal survival are targets for functional recovery.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/spinal-cord-injury.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "hif-1alpha",
   "name": "HIF-1α",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, the main transcription factor for metabolic and angiogenic responses to low oxygen. Its output is partly mTORC1-dependent: in an Akt-driven mouse prostate model, mTOR inhibition reversed the lesions partly through HIF-1-dependent programmes (MAJ2004).",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/hif-1alpha.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "lung-transplant",
   "name": "Lung transplant",
   "type": "Condition",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Clinical setting in which mTOR inhibitors are used as antiproliferative, calcineurin-sparing immunosuppression. They are not used de novo: early sirolimus after lung transplantation caused fatal bronchial anastomotic dehiscence, so they are introduced only once the airway anastomosis has healed, and a benefit against chronic lung allograft dysfunction is not established.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/lung-transplant.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "t-cell-differentiation",
   "name": "T cell differentiation",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Process by which immune T cells commit to effector versus regulatory fates; directly controlled by mTOR complex activity.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/t-cell-differentiation.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "chaperone-mediated-autophagy",
   "name": "Chaperone-mediated autophagy",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [
    "CMA",
    "LAMP2A-dependent autophagy"
   ],
   "description": "A selective form of autophagy in which a cytosolic chaperone delivers single proteins to the lysosomal surface, where they unfold and are pulled in through a LAMP2A translocation complex. No vesicle is formed, which is what distinguishes it from macroautophagy. Regulated at the lysosome by an mTORC2/PHLPP1/Akt axis (ARI2015), so mTOR's relationship to autophagy here runs through a different complex than the canonical mTORC1-ULK1 step.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/chaperone-mediated-autophagy.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "eif4e",
   "name": "eIF4E",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Cap-binding protein that recruits the ribosome to an mRNA. Held hostage by 4E-BP1 until mTORC1 phosphorylates the latter - the rate-limiting step of cap-dependent translation.",
   "study_count": 4,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/eif4e/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/eif4e.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "alpha-synuclein-snca",
   "name": "alpha-synuclein (SNCA)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Presynaptic protein whose misfolded aggregates form Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. Cleared primarily by autophagy/chaperone-mediated autophagy; mTORC1 inhibition promotes its clearance while chronic pan-mTOR inhibition risks the mTORC2-dependent synaptic-plasticity cost noted in gap H8.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/alpha-synuclein-snca.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "torin1",
   "name": "Torin1",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "ATP-competitive ('active-site') mTOR inhibitor. Unlike rapamycin, it blocks the kinase active site directly and so fully inhibits BOTH complexes - the tool that revealed rapamycin-resistant functions of mTORC1.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/torin1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "growth-hormone-igf-1-axis",
   "name": "Growth hormone / IGF-1 axis",
   "type": "Pathway/Complex",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Upstream growth-signaling axis; reduced activity (as in Ames dwarf mice) is one of the most robust lifespan-extending interventions known in mammals, acting upstream of PI3K/Akt/mTOR.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/growth-hormone-igf-1-axis.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "cardiac-aging",
   "name": "Cardiac aging",
   "type": "Outcome",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Age-related decline in heart function (hypertrophy, stiffening, reduced contractility). Late-life rapamycin partially reversed it in aged female mice (FLY2013); male mice were not tested.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/cardiac-aging.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "curcumin",
   "name": "Curcumin",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Turmeric-derived polyphenol widely marketed for anti-aging effects; showed no lifespan effect in ITP testing.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/curcumin.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "melittin",
   "name": "Melittin",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "The main bioactive component of bee venom; suppresses PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and activates autophagy, showing anti-inflammatory effects in psoriasis models.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/melittin.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pp242",
   "name": "PP242",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "An ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitor (a 'TORKinib'); like Torin1, inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 and blocks outputs that rapamycin leaves intact.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pp242.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "longevity",
   "name": "Longevity",
   "type": "Outcome",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Lifespan extension; the key outcome tracked across mTOR-targeting interventions.",
   "study_count": 37,
   "relation_count": 6,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/outcome/longevity/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/longevity.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "mct-oil",
   "name": "MCT oil",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Medium-chain triglyceride oil; tested by the ITP as a metabolic/longevity intervention with no significant lifespan effect.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/mct-oil.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "leucine-bcaa-restriction",
   "name": "Leucine/BCAA restriction",
   "type": "Intervention",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Restriction of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine). Leucine reaches mTORC1 through Sestrin2 in the leading model, with LARS as a contested alternative. The effects are amino-acid- and sex-specific: in 3xTg mice, restricting isoleucine or valine improved metabolic health while restricting leucine did not (BAB2025).",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/leucine-bcaa-restriction.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "irs1-irs2",
   "name": "IRS1 / IRS2",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Insulin receptor substrate proteins 1 and 2; scaffold adaptors that couple the insulin/IGF-1 receptor to PI3K–Akt signaling. S6K1 (activated by mTORC1) phosphorylates and destabilizes IRS1/2, creating a negative feedback loop. Rapamycin blocks mTORC1/S6K1, relieving IRS1 inhibition and allowing paradoxical Akt re-activation – a critical consideration in the clinical use of rapalogs.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/irs1-irs2.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "muscle-growth",
   "name": "Muscle growth",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "mTORC1-dependent process of skeletal muscle fiber enlargement (hypertrophy); driven by growth factors and exercise, blocked by rapamycin.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/process/muscle-growth/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/muscle-growth.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "cognition",
   "name": "Cognition",
   "type": "Outcome",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Learning, memory and related brain function. mTOR inhibition can enhance cognition in young mice and blunt age-related cognitive decline.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/cognition.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "atg5",
   "name": "Atg5",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Core gene required for autophagosome formation; overexpressing it in mice is sufficient to extend lifespan on its own.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/atg5.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "atp-competitive-mtor-inhibitors",
   "name": "ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Torin1, AZD8055 and relatives occupy the mTOR active site directly, inhibiting both complexes.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/drug/atp-competitive-mtor-inhibitors/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/atp-competitive-mtor-inhibitors.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pxr-nr1i2",
   "name": "PXR (NR1I2)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Pregnane X receptor, a xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor whose activation drives liver growth via the AKT-mTOR pathway.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pxr-nr1i2.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "kicstor",
   "name": "KICSTOR",
   "type": "Pathway/Complex",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "A lysosomal scaffold complex (composed of KAPTIN, ITFG2, C12orf66, and SZT2) that recruits GATOR1 to the lysosomal surface. Required for amino-acid-deprivation-dependent suppression of mTORC1; without KICSTOR, GATOR1 cannot reach the Rag GTPases and mTORC1 remains inappropriately active during starvation.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/kicstor.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "lymphangioleiomyomatosis",
   "name": "Lymphangioleiomyomatosis",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "LAM - a rare progressive cystic lung disease in women driven by inappropriate mTOR activation; sirolimus stabilizes lung function for as long as it is taken (MILES trial), with decline resuming after the drug is stopped.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/lymphangioleiomyomatosis.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "v-atpase",
   "name": "v-ATPase",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Vacuolar H+-ATPase; senses lysosomal amino acids from the inside and relays the signal to Ragulator-Rag to activate mTORC1.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/v-atpase.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "p-glycoprotein-abcb1",
   "name": "P-glycoprotein (ABCB1)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Multidrug resistance efflux transporter encoded by ABCB1; selectively upregulated at the translational level by mTOR-eIF4A signaling under oxidative stress.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/p-glycoprotein-abcb1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "ulk1",
   "name": "ULK1",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Initiator of autophagy; target of mTORC1 inhibition and AMPK activation.",
   "study_count": 5,
   "relation_count": 4,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/ulk1/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/ulk1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "itga2-integrin-alpha-2",
   "name": "ITGA2 (Integrin alpha-2)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Integrin subunit alpha-2; found to mediate kynurenic acid-driven mTOR activation in the ITGA2-mTOR-CTSV immunotherapy resistance axis in gastric cancer.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/itga2-integrin-alpha-2.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "tfeb",
   "name": "TFEB",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Master transcription factor for lysosome biogenesis and autophagy. mTORC1 phosphorylates TFEB to trap it in the cytosol; when mTORC1 is off, TFEB enters the nucleus and turns on the cell's recycling program.",
   "study_count": 5,
   "relation_count": 3,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/tfeb/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/tfeb.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "cisplatin",
   "name": "Cisplatin",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Platinum-based chemotherapeutic whose tolerance is modulated by mTOR-dependent cytoprotective autophagy.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/cisplatin.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "sin1-mapkap1",
   "name": "SIN1 / MAPKAP1",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "SIN1",
    "mSIN1",
    "MAPKAP1"
   ],
   "description": "Essential structural subunit of mTORC2 (stress-activated protein kinase-interacting protein 1). Required for mTORC2 assembly and integrity; controls the substrate specificity of mTORC2 toward Akt and other AGC kinases. Prolonged rapamycin treatment can disrupt SIN1-containing mTORC2 in some cell types but not others, which is one explanation for the impaired Akt signalling seen with chronic rapamycin.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/sin1-mapkap1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "rapamycin",
   "name": "Rapamycin",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [
    "Sirolimus",
    "RAPA",
    "AY-22989"
   ],
   "description": "Sirolimus; mTORC1 inhibitor that acts as a complex with FKBP12. With chronic dosing it can also disrupt mTORC2 assembly in some cell types and tissues (SAR2006; mouse liver in LAM2012), a time- and cell-type-dependent effect. Immunosuppressant; extends lifespan in mice.",
   "study_count": 41,
   "relation_count": 5,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/drug/rapamycin/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/rapamycin.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "oxaloacetic-acid",
   "name": "Oxaloacetic acid",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Metabolic intermediate marketed as a longevity supplement; no lifespan effect found in ITP testing.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/oxaloacetic-acid.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "spermidine",
   "name": "Spermidine",
   "type": "Nutrient/Metabolite",
   "synonyms": [
    "polyamine",
    "caloric restriction mimetic",
    "CRM"
   ],
   "description": "A natural polyamine present in food and in cells, whose concentration falls with age. It induces autophagy mainly by inhibiting histone acetyltransferases and raising transcription of autophagy genes, which is a route that does not require mTOR inhibition. Studied as a caloric-restriction mimetic (EIS2009, EIS2016).",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/spermidine.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "forsythoside-a",
   "name": "Forsythoside A",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Phenylethanoid glycoside from Forsythiae Fructus that binds ASCL1 and blocks a downstream CCNB1/mTOR axis.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/forsythoside-a.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "bi-steric-mtorc1-selective-inhibitors",
   "name": "Bi-steric mTORC1-selective inhibitors",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Bivalent compounds (e.g. RMC-5552) engaging both an FKBP12-dependent site and the active site, giving deeper mTORC1 inhibition with selectivity over mTORC2.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/bi-steric-mtorc1-selective-inhibitors.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "foxo",
   "name": "FoxO",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Forkhead box O transcription factors (FOXO1/3/4) that act as key downstream targets of PI3K/Akt and mTOR signalling; they are excluded from the nucleus by Akt, with an mTORC2/SGK contribution, so catalytic or mTORC2-directed inhibition promotes nuclear entry and transcription of stress-response and longevity genes, whereas rapamycin can raise Akt activity through feedback relief and leave them cytoplasmic.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/foxo/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/foxo.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "mitochondrial-biogenesis",
   "name": "Mitochondrial biogenesis",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Production of new mitochondria and their oxidative machinery. mTORC1 drives it via a YY1-PGC-1alpha transcriptional program, linking growth signaling to energy production.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/mitochondrial-biogenesis.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "renal-cell-carcinoma-rcc",
   "name": "Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Cancer of the kidney; target indication for everolimus treatment in clinical practice.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 3,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/disease/renal-cell-carcinoma-rcc/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/renal-cell-carcinoma-rcc.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "eif4a",
   "name": "eIF4A",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds 5' mRNA secondary structures; activated downstream of mTORC1 to promote selective cap-dependent translation initiation.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/eif4a.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "age-related-pathology",
   "name": "Age-related pathology",
   "type": "Outcome",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Tissue- and organ-level ageing phenotypes, graded separately from survival.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/age-related-pathology.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "rictor",
   "name": "Rictor",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "rictor",
    "RICTOR",
    "AVO3"
   ],
   "description": "Defining subunit of mTORC2 (Rapamycin-Insensitive Companion of mTOR); routes mTOR toward Akt and the cytoskeleton rather than S6K1/4E-BP1.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/rictor/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/rictor.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "prostate-cancer",
   "name": "Prostate cancer",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Cancer in which oncogenic mTOR signaling reprograms the cell's translation to drive proliferation, invasion and metastasis.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/prostate-cancer.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "mlst8",
   "name": "mLST8",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "mLST8 (GbetaL) - a shared subunit of BOTH mTOR complexes. Especially required for mTORC2 to assemble and signal to Akt; largely dispensable for mTORC1.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/mlst8.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "ferroptosis",
   "name": "Ferroptosis",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Iron-dependent, lipid-peroxidation-driven regulated cell death that is modulated by mTOR signalling and autophagy.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/ferroptosis.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "slc7a5-lat1",
   "name": "SLC7A5 (LAT1)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Large neutral amino acid transporter 1, which imports leucine and is a key upstream input into mTORC1 nutrient sensing.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/slc7a5-lat1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "placental-nutrient-sensing",
   "name": "Placental nutrient sensing",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Placental mTORC1-dependent regulation of amino acid transport and mitochondrial respiration that sets fetal growth trajectory.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/placental-nutrient-sensing.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "lc3b-map1lc3b",
   "name": "LC3B (MAP1LC3B)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Key autophagosome membrane marker; LC3B lipidation (LC3-II) rises when mTORC1 is inhibited, but a single LC3-II level cannot separate more autophagosomes being built from fewer being cleared; flux has to be measured against a lysosomal block (bafilomycin or chloroquine) or a turnover readout.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/lc3b-map1lc3b.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "raptor",
   "name": "Raptor",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "raptor",
    "RPTOR",
    "KOG1"
   ],
   "description": "Defining subunit of mTORC1; scaffold that presents substrates (S6K1, 4E-BP1) to mTOR. Its presence is what makes a complex 'mTORC1'.",
   "study_count": 10,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/raptor/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/raptor.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "astragaloside-iv",
   "name": "Astragaloside IV",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Bioactive saponin from Astragalus membranaceus that inhibits mTOR to activate TFEB-mediated autophagy, protecting against tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/astragaloside-iv.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "mtor",
   "name": "mTOR",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "MTOR",
    "mechanistic target of rapamycin",
    "mammalian target of rapamycin",
    "FRAP1",
    "TOR",
    "dTOR"
   ],
   "description": "Serine/threonine kinase; central regulator of cell growth and metabolism; direct target of rapamycin.",
   "study_count": 67,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/mtor/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/mtor.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "5top-mrna",
   "name": "5'TOP mRNA",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Class of mRNAs with a 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tract encoding ribosomal proteins and translation factors; their translation is a canonical output of mTORC1 signaling.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/5top-mrna.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "lipid-synthesis",
   "name": "Lipid synthesis",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "De novo synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol via SREBP. A growing cell needs membrane as much as it needs protein; both mTOR complexes feed this.",
   "study_count": 4,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/process/lipid-synthesis/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/lipid-synthesis.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "corilagin",
   "name": "Corilagin",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Natural ellagitannin with anti-inflammatory activity that inhibits PI3K/AKT/mTOR and NF-κB signalling and restores autophagy.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/corilagin.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "arginine",
   "name": "Arginine",
   "type": "Nutrient/Metabolite",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Conditionally essential amino acid sensed by two separate routes: cytosolic arginine binds CASTOR1, and lysosomal arginine is read by the transporter-like protein SLC38A9.",
   "study_count": 5,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/nutrient/arginine/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/arginine.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "macrophage-polarization",
   "name": "Macrophage polarization",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "The M1/M2 phenotypic switch in macrophages, an immunometabolic decision governed substantially by PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/macrophage-polarization.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "fgf21",
   "name": "FGF21",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Fibroblast growth factor 21, a metabolic hormone that activates AMPK/mTOR signaling to regulate glucose metabolism and wound healing.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/fgf21.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "atrial-fibrillation",
   "name": "Atrial fibrillation",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "The most common age-related cardiac arrhythmia, driven by atrial electrical and structural remodelling.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/atrial-fibrillation.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "lung-cancer-nsclc-luad",
   "name": "Lung cancer (NSCLC/LUAD)",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Non-small cell lung cancer including lung adenocarcinoma, in which PI3K-AKT-mTOR and mTORC2 signalling are frequently dysregulated.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/lung-cancer-nsclc-luad.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "gator2",
   "name": "GATOR2",
   "type": "Pathway/Complex",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Positive arm that inhibits GATOR1; the target through which amino acid sensors (Sestrin2, CASTOR1) relay their signal to mTORC1.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 3,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/gator2.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "integrated-stress-response",
   "name": "Integrated stress response",
   "type": "Pathway/Complex",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Conserved response to unfolded protein, amino-acid and other stresses. Reaches mTORC1 by more than one route: ATF4-induced REDD1 acts through the TSC complex, while ATF4-induced Sestrin2 acts on GATOR2. It is not a single brake, and it is not the AMPK one.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/integrated-stress-response.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "simvastatin",
   "name": "Simvastatin",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Cholesterol-lowering statin; tested as a candidate longevity drug in the same ITP cohort as rapamycin but showed no lifespan effect.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/simvastatin.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "parkinsons-disease",
   "name": "Parkinson's disease",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Neurodegenerative disease marked by loss of dopaminergic neurons and accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein (Lewy bodies). mTORC1 hyperactivity suppresses the autophagy that would clear alpha-synuclein aggregates; rapamycin enhances their autophagic clearance in animal models. Relevant to gap H8 (brain-penetrant mTOR inhibition for aggregate clearance).",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/parkinsons-disease.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "everolimus",
   "name": "Everolimus",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Rapamycin analog (RAD001); used in oncology and tested for immune function in older adults.",
   "study_count": 15,
   "relation_count": 7,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/drug/everolimus/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/everolimus.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "lysosomal-biogenesis",
   "name": "Lysosomal biogenesis",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "TFEB-driven expansion of the lysosomal compartment.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/process/lysosomal-biogenesis/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/lysosomal-biogenesis.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "acarbose",
   "name": "Acarbose",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (diabetes drug) that slows carbohydrate absorption; found by the ITP to extend mouse lifespan, especially in males.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/acarbose.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "grb10",
   "name": "Grb10",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "mTORC1 substrate that, once phosphorylated, damps insulin/IGF-1 receptor signalling - one arm of the negative feedback that makes mTOR inhibitors paradoxically raise upstream Akt activity.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/grb10.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pten",
   "name": "PTEN",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Phosphatase that erases PIP3 and so shuts down the PI3K arm. One of the most frequently lost tumour suppressors in human cancer, and one of the most common ways this pathway is left switched on without its growth-factor brake.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pten.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pdcd4",
   "name": "PDCD4",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Translation inhibitor that blocks the eIF4A helicase. S6K1 marks it for degradation, giving mTORC1 a second, 4E-BP-independent route to raising protein synthesis.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pdcd4.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "renal-angiomyolipoma",
   "name": "Renal angiomyolipoma",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "TSC-associated benign renal tumour; the measured endpoint of EXIST-2.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/renal-angiomyolipoma.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "immune-function",
   "name": "Immune function",
   "type": "Outcome",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Function of the immune system, especially vaccine response. Low-dose everolimus improved the influenza-vaccine response of older adults (MAN2014), but the phase 3 trial of low-dose TORC1 inhibition with RTB101 did not reduce respiratory illness (MAN2021): the biomarker moved, the clinical outcome did not.",
   "study_count": 5,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/outcome/immune-function/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/immune-function.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "glutamine",
   "name": "Glutamine",
   "type": "Nutrient/Metabolite",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Most abundant free amino acid; activates mTORC1 partly through glutaminolysis and, in some settings, through a Rag-independent Arf1 route - one of the clearest examples that 'amino acid sensing' is not a single mechanism.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/glutamine.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pgc-1alpha-yy1",
   "name": "PGC-1α / YY1",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Transcriptional complex through which mTORC1 drives mitochondrial gene expression.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pgc-1alpha-yy1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "mrps17",
   "name": "MRPS17",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S17, upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma where it activates PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/mrps17.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "erbb3-her3",
   "name": "ErbB3 (HER3)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Receptor of the EGFR family with an impaired kinase domain; when paired with another family member it becomes a strong activator of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/erbb3-her3.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "breast-cancer",
   "name": "Breast cancer",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer becomes resistant to endocrine therapy partly by activating mTOR; adding the rapalog everolimus to exemestane delays progression (BOLERO-2: progression-free survival roughly doubled, without a significant overall-survival benefit).",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/disease/breast-cancer/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/breast-cancer.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumor",
   "name": "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor - a cancer where mTOR drives growth; everolimus more than doubled progression-free survival (RADIANT-3), an FDA-approved indication.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumor.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "usp7",
   "name": "USP7",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Ubiquitin-specific protease 7, a deubiquitinase that modulates the TSC1/mTOR axis and promotes renal fibrosis via stabilization of KDM5B.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/usp7.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "metformin",
   "name": "Metformin",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Antidiabetic biguanide; activates AMPK (ZHO2001) and inhibits mTORC1. How much of its action actually runs through AMPK is disputed: metformin still suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis in AMPK-null and LKB1-null mouse liver (FOR2010) and still inhibits mTORC1 in AMPK-null cells, via the Rag GTPases (KAL2010). Frequently discussed as a geroprotector alongside rapamycin.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/drug/metformin/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/metformin.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "samtor",
   "name": "SAMTOR",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Sensor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), linking methionine / one-carbon metabolism to mTORC1 via GATOR1.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/samtor.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "p62-sqstm1",
   "name": "p62/SQSTM1",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Autophagy cargo receptor and mTORC1-activating scaffold on lysosomes; elevated p62 accumulation indicates impaired autophagic flux.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/p62-sqstm1/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/p62-sqstm1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "fkbp12",
   "name": "FKBP12",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Rapamycin's docking protein. Rapamycin first binds FKBP12; only the FKBP12-rapamycin pair can grab mTOR. This is why rapamycin is an 'allosteric' (indirect) inhibitor - it works through a chaperone, not by blocking the active site.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/fkbp12.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "leucine",
   "name": "Leucine",
   "type": "Nutrient/Metabolite",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Branched-chain essential amino acid and the best-characterised nutrient input to mTORC1. Free leucine binds Sestrin2, releasing the GATOR2 brake; a competing model has leucyl-tRNA synthetase as the sensor instead.",
   "study_count": 6,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/nutrient/leucine/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/leucine.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "rag-gtpases",
   "name": "Rag GTPases",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "Rag",
    "Rag GTPase",
    "RagA",
    "RagB",
    "RagC",
    "RagD",
    "RagA/B",
    "RRAGA",
    "RRAGB"
   ],
   "description": "Family of small GTPases that let mTORC1 sense amino acids by controlling its localization near its activator Rheb inside the cell.",
   "study_count": 8,
   "relation_count": 7,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/rag-gtpases/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/rag-gtpases.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "alzheimers-disease",
   "name": "Alzheimer's disease",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Neurodegenerative disease marked by amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles. mTOR overactivation blocks the autophagy that would clear these toxic proteins; rapamycin restores clearance in mouse models.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/disease/alzheimers-disease/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/alzheimers-disease.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "caloric-restriction",
   "name": "Caloric restriction",
   "type": "Intervention",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Reduced caloric intake without malnutrition; associated with lifespan extension across species.",
   "study_count": 4,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/intervention/caloric-restriction/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/caloric-restriction.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "castor1",
   "name": "CASTOR1",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Direct cytosolic arginine sensor for the mTORC1 pathway; arginine binding releases its inhibition of GATOR2.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/castor1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "cgas-sting-pathway",
   "name": "cGAS-STING pathway",
   "type": "Pathway/Complex",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "An innate immune sensing pathway triggered by cytosolic DNA; drives inflammatory senescence signaling and is activated downstream of mTOR dysfunction in aging immune cells.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/cgas-sting-pathway.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "akt-pkb",
   "name": "Akt/PKB",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "Akt",
    "AKT",
    "AKT1",
    "PKB",
    "protein kinase B",
    "Akt Ser473",
    "phospho-Akt S473"
   ],
   "description": "Key kinase downstream of PI3K in growth signalling; activated by PDK1 at T308 and further phosphorylated by mTORC2 at S473, which shapes which substrates it hits.",
   "study_count": 16,
   "relation_count": 5,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/akt-pkb/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/akt-pkb.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "slc15a3",
   "name": "SLC15A3",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "A lysosomal dipeptide transporter that imports dipeptides to sustain mTORC1 activation and can confer antimetabolite chemotherapy resistance in lymphoma.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/slc15a3.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "tnks2-tankyrase-2",
   "name": "TNKS2 (Tankyrase-2)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Tankyrase-2, a PARP family enzyme; its loss activates AMPK and suppresses mTORC1, impairing adipocyte differentiation.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/tnks2-tankyrase-2.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "cellular-senescence",
   "name": "Cellular senescence",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "State in which a cell permanently stops dividing but stays alive, secreting inflammatory signals (the SASP). Senescent cells accumulate with age and drive age-related disease. mTOR powers the inflammatory secretions of cells that are already senescent (LAB2015, the stronger evidence); that it also promotes entry into the senescent state rests on weaker cell-culture evidence (DEM2009).",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/process/cellular-senescence/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/cellular-senescence.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "tbc1d7",
   "name": "TBC1D7",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Third constitutive subunit of the TSC complex; its loss weakens but does not abolish TSC1-TSC2 function.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/tbc1d7.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "oxidative-phosphorylation",
   "name": "Oxidative phosphorylation",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Mitochondrial respiratory capacity, supported by mTORC1.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/oxidative-phosphorylation.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pi3k",
   "name": "PI3K",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; produces signaling lipids downstream of growth-factor receptors; activates Akt and heads the growth-factor arm of the mTOR pathway. It is not upstream of everything: amino-acid sensing at the lysosome, AMPK-mediated energy stress and Ras-MAPK reach mTORC1 by routes that bypass it.",
   "study_count": 8,
   "relation_count": 5,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/pi3k/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pi3k.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "sestrin2",
   "name": "Sestrin2",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Direct intracellular leucine sensor and a NEGATIVE regulator of mTORC1. When leucine is scarce, Sestrin2 binds and inhibits GATOR2, so GATOR1 stays active and keeps mTORC1 switched off. Leucine binding (~20 uM affinity) releases GATOR2 - the pathway is switched on by removing a brake, not by adding a signal. Sestrin2 does not act on the Rag GTPases directly; it works two steps upstream, through GATOR2 and GATOR1.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 3,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/sestrin2.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "mtorc1",
   "name": "mTORC1",
   "type": "Pathway/Complex",
   "synonyms": [
    "TORC1",
    "mTOR complex 1",
    "mTOR complex-1"
   ],
   "description": "mTOR Complex 1; regulates protein synthesis, autophagy, and growth in response to nutrients and growth factors.",
   "study_count": 92,
   "relation_count": 38,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/complex/mtorc1/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/mtorc1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "deptor",
   "name": "DEPTOR",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Endogenous inhibitor of both mTORC1 and mTORC2; paradoxically overexpressed in a subset of multiple myelomas, which depend on high DEPTOR: partial mTORC1 suppression relieves S6K1-IRS1 feedback and sustains PI3K/Akt survival signalling (Peterson 2009).",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/deptor.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "malonyl-coa",
   "name": "Malonyl-CoA",
   "type": "Nutrient/Metabolite",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Intermediate metabolite of fatty-acid biosynthesis (produced by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, consumed by fatty acid synthase). Binds the mTOR kinase catalytic pocket directly and acts as a conserved, ATP-competitive endogenous inhibitor of mTORC1, letting lipogenic capacity feed back onto mTORC1 activity.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/malonyl-coa.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "kidney-transplant",
   "name": "Kidney transplant",
   "type": "Outcome",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "The original clinical use of rapamycin (as sirolimus), preventing organ rejection by suppressing T cell activation. It is no longer standard first-line maintenance; today it is used in selected regimens, often to spare calcineurin inhibitors.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/kidney-transplant.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "srebp1-srebp2",
   "name": "SREBP1 / SREBP2",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2; master transcription factors for de novo lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis. mTORC1 promotes SREBP nuclear entry (via Lipin-1 and S6K1), linking nutrient sensing to the lipogenic program. SREBP1/2 are thus a major downstream metabolic output of mTORC1 alongside protein synthesis and autophagy suppression.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/srebp1-srebp2.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "energy-cellular-stress",
   "name": "Energy & cellular stress",
   "type": "Condition",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Falling ATP, glucose withdrawal and a range of other insults. They converge on mTORC1 chiefly through two routes: AMPK, which acts on both TSC2 and raptor, and physical relocation of the TSC complex to the lysosome.",
   "study_count": 4,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/condition/energy-cellular-stress/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/energy-cellular-stress.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "irs-1-irs-2",
   "name": "IRS-1 / IRS-2",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "IRS1",
    "IRS2",
    "insulin receptor substrate"
   ],
   "description": "Insulin receptor substrate proteins - the adaptors that carry the signal from the insulin/IGF-1 receptor to PI3K. S6K1 phosphorylates and represses them, which is the pathway's principal negative feedback loop: sustained mTORC1 activity deafens the cell to insulin, and blocking mTOR restores insulin signalling and raises Akt activity.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/irs-1-irs-2/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/irs-1-irs-2.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "nucleotide-synthesis",
   "name": "Nucleotide synthesis",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "De novo purine and pyrimidine production. mTORC1 matches supply to demand here, which is why proliferating cells are so dependent on it.",
   "study_count": 4,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/process/nucleotide-synthesis/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/nucleotide-synthesis.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "green-tea-extract",
   "name": "Green tea extract",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Polyphenol-rich supplement tested by the ITP for lifespan effects; no significant effect found overall.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/green-tea-extract.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "lkb1-stk11",
   "name": "LKB1 (STK11)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "A serine/threonine kinase that activates AMPK and acts upstream of mTOR to regulate cellular energy sensing, autophagy, and metabolism.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/lkb1-stk11.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "protein-synthesis",
   "name": "Protein synthesis",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Cap-dependent translation - the main output mTORC1 exists to control, and the step where a signalling decision becomes physical growth.",
   "study_count": 6,
   "relation_count": 3,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/process/protein-synthesis/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/protein-synthesis.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "slc38a9",
   "name": "SLC38A9",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Lysosomal amino-acid transporter and signaling component; acts as an arginine sensor on the lysosomal membrane. Works together with v-ATPase and Ragulator to relay luminal arginine availability to the Rag GTPases and thereby recruit mTORC1. Loss of SLC38A9 impairs arginine-dependent mTORC1 activation.",
   "study_count": 5,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/slc38a9/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/slc38a9.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "reactive-oxygen-species",
   "name": "Reactive oxygen species",
   "type": "Nutrient/Metabolite",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "ROS generated by mitochondrial activity, both a consequence and a driver of mTOR signalling.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/reactive-oxygen-species.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "tuberous-sclerosis-complex",
   "name": "Tuberous sclerosis complex",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Genetic disorder from TSC1/TSC2 loss causing constitutive mTOR activation and benign tumors in brain, kidney, and elsewhere, as well as epilepsy, often the presenting problem, and TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders. Everolimus shrinks these tumors (EXIST trials) and is also approved for TSC-associated seizures - the clearest randomised human evidence that blocking mTOR helps a human disease driven by mTOR overactivation.",
   "study_count": 6,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/disease/tuberous-sclerosis-complex/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/tuberous-sclerosis-complex.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "s-adenosylmethionine-sam",
   "name": "S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)",
   "type": "Nutrient/Metabolite",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Universal methyl donor whose level reports methionine availability. SAM binds SAMTOR, which otherwise inhibits mTORC1 through the GATOR1-KICSTOR complex.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/s-adenosylmethionine-sam.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "autophagy",
   "name": "Autophagy",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Cellular recycling process suppressed by mTORC1 and activated upon its inhibition; linked to longevity.",
   "study_count": 19,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/process/autophagy/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/autophagy.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "ampk",
   "name": "AMPK",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "AMP-activated protein kinase; cellular energy sensor; inhibits mTORC1 under low-energy conditions.",
   "study_count": 10,
   "relation_count": 8,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/ampk/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/ampk.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "senescence-associated-secretory-phenotype-sasp",
   "name": "Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Inflammatory secretory programme of senescent cells, supported translationally by mTORC1.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/senescence-associated-secretory-phenotype-sasp.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "beclin-1-becn1",
   "name": "Beclin-1 (BECN1)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Core autophagy protein required for autophagosome nucleation; regulated by mTOR and inhibited by Bcl-2 family members.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/beclin-1-becn1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "temsirolimus",
   "name": "Temsirolimus",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Intravenous rapamycin ester (CCI-779); mTOR inhibitor approved for advanced renal cell carcinoma.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/temsirolimus.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "actin-cytoskeleton",
   "name": "Actin cytoskeleton",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Cell shape and motility machinery. The original TOR2 phenotype in yeast, and the mammalian mTORC2 function that showed the second complex is acutely rapamycin-insensitive (JAC2004, SAR2004); the two-complex model itself came from biochemistry (LOE2002).",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/process/actin-cytoskeleton/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/actin-cytoskeleton.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "resistance-exercise-mechanical-load",
   "name": "Resistance exercise / mechanical load",
   "type": "Intervention",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Mechanical loading of skeletal muscle, the physiological stimulus for hypertrophy, acting through mTORC1.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/resistance-exercise-mechanical-load.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "hypoxia",
   "name": "Hypoxia",
   "type": "Condition",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Low oxygen. Acts on mTORC1 transcriptionally, chiefly through REDD1 at the oxygen tensions used in these studies rather than through AMPK, so it is slower to engage and slower to release.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/hypoxia.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "erk-rsk-mapk",
   "name": "ERK / RSK (MAPK)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "ERK",
    "ERK1/2",
    "MAPK",
    "RSK",
    "p90RSK",
    "Ras-MAPK"
   ],
   "description": "The Ras-MAPK growth-signalling arm. ERK and its effector RSK phosphorylate TSC2 and inactivate the TSC complex, so MAPK signalling converges on the same brake that Akt releases (MA2005). This is the third major upstream input to mTORC1 alongside PI3K/Akt and AMPK, and it is a route to mTORC1 activation that PI3K inhibitors do not close. mTORC1 inhibition also feeds back to activate MAPK (CAR2008).",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/erk-rsk-mapk.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "rtb101",
   "name": "RTB101",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "An oral ATP-competitive inhibitor of both class I PI3K and mTOR (dactolisib, formerly BEZ235), used at low doses intended to hit TORC1; tested for immune function in older adults, where it raised antiviral gene expression but failed its phase 3 clinical endpoint.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/rtb101.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "rubcn-rubicon",
   "name": "RUBCN (Rubicon)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein; a negative regulator of autophagy whose suppression activates autophagic flux.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/rubcn-rubicon.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pfkfb3",
   "name": "PFKFB3",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3, a rate-limiting glycolytic regulator controlled downstream of mTORC2.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pfkfb3.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "pip4k2a",
   "name": "PIP4K2A",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase type II alpha; regulates autophagy and AKT/mTOR signaling and is neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion models.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/pip4k2a.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "mitochondrial-dysfunction",
   "name": "Mitochondrial dysfunction",
   "type": "Condition",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Loss of mitochondrial function, relayed to mTORC1 by AMPK and the HRI stress pathway.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/mitochondrial-dysfunction.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "tet1",
   "name": "TET1",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1, an epigenetic eraser that drives DNA demethylation of target promoters.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/tet1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "mtorc2",
   "name": "mTORC2",
   "type": "Pathway/Complex",
   "synonyms": [
    "TORC2",
    "mTOR complex 2",
    "mTOR complex-2"
   ],
   "description": "mTOR Complex 2; phosphorylates Akt/PKB, affects cell survival and glucose metabolism.",
   "study_count": 16,
   "relation_count": 14,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/complex/mtorc2/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/mtorc2.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "redd1-ddit4",
   "name": "REDD1 (DDIT4)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Hypoxia-induced protein that suppresses mTORC1 through the TSC complex - the mechanism by which low oxygen and low growth factors share a single brake.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/redd1-ddit4.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "s6k1",
   "name": "S6K1",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "p70 S6K",
    "p70 S6 kinase",
    "S6 kinase 1",
    "RPS6KB1",
    "p70S6K"
   ],
   "description": "Direct downstream effector of mTORC1 controlling protein synthesis, and the source of the pathway's main negative feedback: S6K1 phosphorylates and represses IRS-1, uncoupling the insulin receptor from PI3K (HAR2004, SHA2004). Its deletion extends lifespan in FEMALE mice (+19% median, not significant in males; SEL2009) and protects against diet-induced obesity.",
   "study_count": 13,
   "relation_count": 5,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/s6k1/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/s6k1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "rheb",
   "name": "Rheb",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Small GTPase that directly activates mTORC1 when in its GTP-bound state; held inactive by TSC1/TSC2.",
   "study_count": 10,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/rheb/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/rheb.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "gadd45alpha",
   "name": "GADD45alpha",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Stress-inducible DNA repair protein regulated downstream of the mTOR-TFEB axis; restoration of its expression by TFEB activation confers protection against nephrotoxicity.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/gadd45alpha.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "insulin-resistance",
   "name": "Insulin resistance",
   "type": "Outcome",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Metabolic side effect of chronic mTOR inhibition. In mice, mTORC2 disruption is a major contributor (LAM2012). In humans the relative contributions are not resolved: mTORC2 loss, S6K1-IRS-1 feedback relief (HAR2004, SHA2004) and direct beta-cell effects are all plausible, and no study has apportioned them.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/outcome/insulin-resistance/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/insulin-resistance.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "osteoarthritis",
   "name": "Osteoarthritis",
   "type": "Disease",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Age-related degenerative joint disease characterised by cartilage matrix loss, inflammation and impaired chondrocyte autophagy.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/osteoarthritis.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "resveratrol",
   "name": "Resveratrol",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Plant polyphenol popularized as a sirtuin activator and 'calorie-restriction mimetic'; failed to extend lifespan in ITP mouse studies and showed no metabolic benefit in a human RCT.",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/drug/resveratrol/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/resveratrol.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "urolithin-a",
   "name": "Urolithin A",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Gut microbiome-derived polyphenol metabolite that activates mitophagy via the AMPK-mTOR axis, with cardioprotective effects in heart failure models.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/urolithin-a.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "flcn-fnip1-2",
   "name": "FLCN / FNIP1/2",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "FLCN",
    "folliculin",
    "FNIP1",
    "FNIP2",
    "FNIP1/2"
   ],
   "description": "Folliculin and its binding partners FNIP1/2; act as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for RagC/D, switching the Rag heterodimer into the configuration that recruits mTORC1 to the lysosome. FLCN-FNIP complements the GATOR1/GATOR2 arm by regulating the RagC/D half of the cycle. Loss of FLCN causes Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome through a SUBSTRATE-SPECIFIC defect rather than blanket mTORC1 hyperactivation: canonical outputs (S6K1, 4E-BP1) are largely preserved, while TFEB and TFE3 escape phosphorylation and accumulate in the nucleus (NAP2020).",
   "study_count": 3,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/flcn-fnip1-2/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/flcn-fnip1-2.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "nf-b",
   "name": "NF-κB",
   "type": "Pathway/Complex",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Master pro-inflammatory transcription factor complex that cross-talks extensively with PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/nf-b.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "4e-bp1",
   "name": "4E-BP1",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "4E-BP",
    "4EBP1",
    "EIF4EBP1",
    "PHAS-I"
   ],
   "description": "Translational repressor; the master effector through which mTORC1 controls protein synthesis. mTORC1 phosphorylates 4E-BP1 to release eIF4E and switch translation ON.",
   "study_count": 7,
   "relation_count": 4,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/gene/4e-bp1/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/4e-bp1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "salvianolic-acid-b",
   "name": "Salvianolic acid B",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Polyphenol from Salvia miltiorrhiza that engages AKT1 and the AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α axis to promote angiogenesis and repair.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/salvianolic-acid-b.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "skin-aging",
   "name": "Skin aging",
   "type": "Outcome",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Visible and molecular aging of skin (photodamage, dermal thinning, senescence markers like p16). Topical rapamycin reduced these markers in a human trial.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/skin-aging.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "dihydromyricetin",
   "name": "Dihydromyricetin",
   "type": "Drug",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Flavonoid from Ampelopsis grossedentata reported to reduce fibrosis with accompanying suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/dihydromyricetin.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "tumor-growth",
   "name": "Tumor growth",
   "type": "Biological process",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "The shared endpoint of the pathway's oncogenic lesions, and the outcome every mTOR inhibitor trial in this Atlas was actually measuring.",
   "study_count": 5,
   "relation_count": 1,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/process/tumor-growth/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/tumor-growth.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "gator1",
   "name": "GATOR1",
   "type": "Pathway/Complex",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Negative regulator of the Rag GTPases (a GAP); switches mTORC1 OFF when amino acids are scarce. Tumor suppressor - mutated in some cancers.",
   "study_count": 2,
   "relation_count": 4,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/gator1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "vps34-pik3c3",
   "name": "Vps34 (PIK3C3)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [
    "hVps34",
    "PIK3C3",
    "class III PI3K",
    "VPS34"
   ],
   "description": "The class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the main source of PI(3)P (class II PI3Ks make local pools of it too). It has two jobs that meet in the Atlas: it is required to build the autophagosome, and it was reported as a nutrient-regulated input to mTORC1 that runs separately from the insulin/class I PI3K route (BYF2005, NOB2005). The relationship between that input and the later Rag/Ragulator account of amino acid sensing is unresolved.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/vps34-pik3c3.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "ragulator",
   "name": "Ragulator",
   "type": "Pathway/Complex",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Lysosome-anchored scaffold that recruits the Rag GTPases and positions mTORC1 on the lysosomal surface for activation.",
   "study_count": 6,
   "relation_count": 3,
   "url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/complex/ragulator/",
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/ragulator.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "ascl1",
   "name": "ASCL1",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Achaete-scute homolog 1, a bHLH transcription factor that acts upstream of a CCNB1/mTOR axis in renal injury.",
   "study_count": 0,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/ascl1.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "spalt-related-salr",
   "name": "Spalt-related (Salr)",
   "type": "Gene/Protein",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Transcription factor in Drosophila identified as a novel inhibitor of mTORC1-mediated growth, activated by the integrated stress response to restrict anabolic processes during nutrient stress.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 2,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/spalt-related-salr.json"
  },
  {
   "id": "macronutrient-ratio",
   "name": "Macronutrient ratio",
   "type": "Intervention",
   "synonyms": [],
   "description": "Ratio of protein:carbohydrate:fat in the diet; affects mTOR activation independently of total caloric intake.",
   "study_count": 1,
   "relation_count": 0,
   "url": null,
   "api_url": "https://mtor-atlas.org/api/v1/entities/macronutrient-ratio.json"
  }
 ]
}